Oral Thrush: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

Oral thrush is caused by an overgrowth of the Candida fungus. This condition often develops due to poor oral hygiene, prolonged antibiotic use, or a weakened immune system. When the balance of microorganisms in the mouth is disrupted, Candida can multiply rapidly.

The infection is most common in individuals with compromised immunity, such as infants, older adults, or those undergoing medical treatments. It may also appear after dental work or when dentures are not properly cleaned.

One of the hallmark symptoms is a smooth, red, and glossy tongue surface. Many patients report a burning sensation or heightened sensitivity to spicy or acidic foods. Fatigue and signs of anemia sometimes accompany these oral changes.

Another common sign is a thick white or yellow coating on the tongue or inner cheeks. This layer may cause discomfort, a slight burning sensation, and even bad breath. Some people also notice a persistent metallic taste.

Diagnosis is usually straightforward during a routine dental or medical exam. In severe cases, laboratory tests may be ordered to confirm the presence of Candida. Early detection ensures faster relief and reduces the risk of complications.

Treatment may involve antifungal medications, either topical or oral, depending on the severity. Addressing underlying health issues, such as anemia or diabetes, also plays an important role in long-term management.

Home remedies can provide additional support. Gently brushing the tongue twice daily helps reduce fungal buildup. Rinsing with saltwater or a baking soda solution may also soothe irritation and restore pH balance.

Prevention focuses on consistent oral care, maintaining a healthy diet, and avoiding unnecessary antibiotic use. With proper attention, most cases of oral thrush can be managed effectively, reducing discomfort and promoting overall oral health.