Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide, according to the World Health Organization. In 2022, around 662,000 new cases were diagnosed, and approximately 349,000 women died from the disease. It’s especially prevalent in low- and middle-income countries where access to HPV vaccines and regular screenings is limited.

The cancer develops when abnormal cells grow in the lining of the cervix, often triggered by a long-lasting infection with certain high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). This virus is spread through intimate contact and, if persistent, can gradually transform healthy cells into precancerous or cancerous ones.

Cervical cancer may take years to develop, often showing no early symptoms. According to the American Cancer Society, advanced cases can cause pelvic pain, painful urination, or fertility complications. Regular screening and early treatment are crucial to preventing severe outcomes.

One of the most common warning signs is abnormal vaginal bleeding, which can occur between periods, after intercourse, or following menopause. Persistent or worsening bleeding should always be discussed with a doctor.

Another red flag is unusual vaginal discharge—especially if it changes in color, smell, or amount. A strong odor or discharge that’s watery, pink, or brown could signal infection or cancer.

Persistent pelvic pain or discomfort unrelated to menstruation may also indicate cervical cancer. Pain in the lower abdomen, back, or hips should not be ignored. Additionally, pain during intercourse can occur when cancer affects cervical tissues.

Other symptoms include unexplained weight loss and fatigue, common to many cancers. Maintaining regular Pap smears, receiving the HPV vaccine, and leading a healthy lifestyle are key to prevention.

This article is for informational purposes only. Always consult a healthcare professional if you notice unusual symptoms or bodily changes.